MECHANICAL CIPHER

ABSTRACT:

We present a brief study of the mechanical cipher systems used in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). This research is based on original documents obtained from various archives. We do not address the manual methods of ciphering that were more frequently used in the fighting nor the mechanisms of simple ciphering, methods like the strip cipher, the R cipher or the RF cipher [10]. We make a brief description of the cipher device used by the Nationalist army, more commonly known as the "Clave Norte" or "North Key".

KEYWORDS: Enigma Machine, Kryha Machine, Clave Norte, North Key, Spanish Civil War, Legion Condor.

INTRODUCTION

We present a short study of the ciphering systems used by the adversaries in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). We do not address the manual systems used. All the systems studied in this article are documented and for this reason we do not mention the Russian cipher methods. However, recently in a Russian company's web page [8], there is mention of the use in Spain of a machine known as M-100, but there are no records of the use of this machine.

BACKGROUND

On the 17 July 1936, at 5 p.m., the Spanish troops initiated a coup in Africa, that was then followed up in practically all of Spain. The military coup having failed, the Spanish Civil War began.

On the 29 September 1936 the Nationalists decide to unify, naming General Franco as the Head of Government and General of the all the forces, celebrating his investiture on the 1st of October in the city of Burgos.

Monoblock centrifugal pump

Monoblock centrifugal pumps are widely used in a variety of applications. In many applications the role of monoblock centrifugal pump is critical and condition monitoring is essential. Vibration based continuous monitoring and analysis using machine learning approaches are gaining momentum. Particularly artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic were employed for continuous monitoring and fault diagnosis. This paper presents the use of C4.5 decision tree algorithm for fault diagnosis through statistical feature extracted from vibration signals of good and faulty conditions.

Mechanical ventilation.

Basic concepts in mechanical ventilation.

Mechanical ventilatory support is a major component of the clinical management of critically ill patients admitted into intensive care. Closely linked with the developments within critical care medicine, the use of ventilatory support has been increasing since the polio epidemics in the 1950s (Lassen 1953). Initially used to provide controlled mandatory ventilation, today with advances in technology, most mechanical ventilators are triggered by the patient, increasing the awareness of the complexity of patient/ventilator interaction (Tobin 1994). Though ventilator appearance and design may have changed quite significantly and the variety of options for support extensive, the basic concepts of mechanical ventilatory support of the critically ill patient remains unchanged. This paper aims to outline these concepts so as to gain a better understanding of mechanical ventilatory support.

Muscular Tension and Body Posture in Relation to Voice Handicap and Voice Quality in Teachers with Persistent Voice Complaints

Muscular Tension and Body Posture in Relation to Voice Handicap and Voice Quality in Teachers with Persistent Voice Complaints

 

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between extrinsic laryngeal muscular hypertonicity and deviant body posture on the one hand and voice handicap and voice quality on the other hand in teachers with persistent voice complaints and a history of voice-related absenteeism. The study group consisted of 25 female teachers. A voice therapist assessed extrinsic laryngeal muscular tension and a physical therapist assessed body posture. The assessed parameters were clustered in categories. The parameters in the different categories represent the same function. Further a tension/posture index was created, which is the summation of the different parameters. The different parameters and the index were related to the Voice Handicap Index (VHI) and the Dysphonia Severity Index (DSI). The scores of the VHI and the individual parameters differ significantly except for the posterior weight bearing and tension of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. There was also a significant difference between the individual parameters and the DSI, except for tension of the cricothyroid muscle and posterior weight bearing. The score of the tension/posture index correlates significantly with both the VHI and the DSI. In a linear regression analysis, the combination of hypertonicity of the sternocleidomastoid, the geniohyoid muscles and posterior weight bearing is the most important predictor for a high voice handicap. The combination of hypertonicity of the geniohyoid muscle, posterior weight bearing, high position of the hyoid bone, hypertonicity of the cricothyroid muscle and anteroposition of the head is the most important predictor for a low DSI score. The results of this study show the higher the score of the index, the higher the score of the voice handicap and the worse the voice quality is. Moreover, the results are indicative for the importance of assessment of muscular tension and body posture in the diagnosis of voice disorders.