Principles of ventilation

Principles of ventilation

The basic principle of ventilation in dwellings is to create air circulation from the living space to the service or wet rooms (sweeping principle). Fresh air entrances are placed in bedrooms and living room while air extraction is placed in toilet, bathroom and kitchen. To allow air circulates in the dwelling, transfer grilles can be placed on doors. Air can also circulate below doors when there is enough space between doors and the floor.

A common shortcoming found in Serbian dwellings is the installation of an intermittent small extraction fan in the bathroom without any air supply in the living part. Useless to say that this does not qualify as a ventilation system

Ventilation solutions

Any ventilation solution has two parts: on one hand the fresh air supply and on the other, the evacuation of inside stale air. A ventilation solution must provide enough fresh air but not too much. That would result in waste of heating energy. Based on that common understanding, several systems exist, each of them having pluses and minuses.

Natural supply and extract (Passive Stack Ventilation)

This ventilation system is based on the natural air movement through the dwelling as a result of internal and external temperature differences and wind induced pressure differences. Temperature and pressure differences cause moist air to be drawn up the ducts to be replaced by fresh air through inlet vents situated in the walls or window frames of habitable rooms. A free flow of fresh air from 'dry' to 'wet' areas creates whole house ventilation. 

Continuous mechanical supply and extract. 1. Fresh air distribution system, 2. Grilles for air transfer (air can also pass below doors), 3. Warm stale air extraction, 4. Warm stale air exhaust, 5. Fresh air intake, 6. Filters, 7.8. Ventilator, 9. Sound insulation system, 10. Flow management system (humidity sensitive), 11. Ventilation ducts for air supply and extraction Pre-heating of fresh air (optional),

From uncontrolled air leaks to controlled ventilation

Ventilation used not to be a concern in residential buildings. They were poorly insulated and air leaks on the windows and walls were plentiful. Keeping the place warm was difficult and cost a lot of energy, but air rewenal was naturally done, altought in a completely uncontrolled way. Air leaks are unequally distributed and are not controllable. Their flow vary in time and season and is either insufficient to provide enough fresh air or provide too much.

In a search for better comfort and rationalization of energy spending (after the energy crisis of the 70s), buildings started to be better insulated. Air leaks were greatly reduced and the quest for air tightness was launched. Achieving a low-energy building, requests outstanding thermal insulation, no thermal bridges and excellent air tightness. The natural ventilation of the past, based on construction defects, is not an option anymore.

The only way to maintain a healthy interior and control the spending of energy is to control the ventilation. In modern dwellings, were construction defects are minimal, a controlled ventilation system can provide air renewal that is able to adapt its flow to the inside air humidity and to the occupancy level. In fact, ventilation is such an important system that most European countries have already passed legislation to make ventilation compulsory. Serbia is not at that stage yet.

The fact that passive stack ventilation depends on natural motors, is a big plus: energy saving (no fan), no noise (low air speeds and no fan) and simplicity of maintenance. It is the simplest of all ventilation systems and when it is possible to implement it, it is a very good ventilation solution. Its main drawback also lies in the fact that it relies on natural motors. Passive stack ventilation might be hard to control as temperature, air pressure and humidity level vary greatly outside. It is possible to improve it further by using humidity sensitive air inlets and extract grilles. 

Continuous mechanical supply, natural extract. 1. Fresh air distribution system, 2. Grilles for air transfer (air can also pass below doors), 3. Warm stale air extraction, 4. Natural warm stale air exhaust, 5. Fresh air intake, 6. Filters, 7. Pre-heating of fresh air (optional), 8. Ventilator, 9. Sound insulation system, 10. Electronic management system, 11. Ventilation ducts for air supply and extraction.

 

 

Natural supply / Mechanical extract

This solution is similar to the passive stack ventilation where the exaust of stale air is complemented with a mechanical extract to better regulate its flow. Fresh air is coming from air inlets located in the windows or in the walls of bedrooms and living rooms, while stale air is extracted from wet rooms such as the kitchen and bathrooms. 

The main advantage of this type of ventilation is the fine control it gives on the flow of air extracted from the dwellings. This can be coupled with advanced humidity sensitive regulation systems that can adapt the airflow generated by the fan according to the needs of each wet room. Some systems even include presence detection to regulate the airflow. 

n apartment buildings, this can be implemented through an individual extraction system in each apartment or with a single extraction system for the building.

Mechanical supply / Natural extract

In this solution, the fresh air supply is provided using a ventilator while the air exhaust is natural. This makes possible to filter or pre-heat the air before it is injected in the dwelling. The air intake can also be located anywhere (such as on the roof) which can solve the problem existing with pollution or noise getting through air inlets on the windows, if the building is located in a busy street for instance. 

Because the fresh air supply has to be conducted in all rooms, this solution requires more ventilation ducts and more work. It can be a good compromise mainly if filtering of the air is necessary. 

 Individual or collective treatment of the ventilation in residential building.

 

Mechanical supply and extract

This is the most complex and expensive system in which both flows of air are controlled and regulated using a ventilator. The main advantage of such a system is that it can be implemented with a heat recovery unit. 

The heat recovery unit exchange the heat contained in the hot stale air taken out of the dwelling to warm up the cold fresh air getting in. Depending of the system, as much as 95% of the heat contained in the hot air can be recovered, limiting the loss of energy due to the ventilation system to a minimum

Natural supply, continuous mechanical extract. 1. Natural fresh air intake system, 2. Grilles for air transfer (air can also pass below doors), 3. Warm stale air extraction, 4. Warm stale air exhaust, 5. Ventilator, 6. Sound insulation system, 7. Electronic management system, 8. Ventilation ducts for air supply and extraction.

Conclusion

Ventilation in modern quality dwellings is a necessity for having a comfortable and healthy interior. Yet, in Serbia, it is very often overlooked or implemented badly with a single extract fan in the bathroom and no air intake. Different solutions exist to properly implement a ventilation system and the best one is function of the specifics of any given project. Nevertheless, a good choice has to balance cost, complexity, maintenance and energy spending. When it is possible, the Passive Stack Ventilation offers a simple and economical alternative and that is the one we decided to implement in Amadeo.